U.s. Relations Foreign Relations - 848 Words

U.S.-Ghana Relations U.S. involvement in Africa in general, Ghana in particular, has shown ebbs and flows according to a broad range of factors including, most notably, political stability, economic growth and safety measures. Probably, Obama s much-hyped visit to Ghana in 2009 is an indication of U.S.-Africa s dynamic relation that has historically been centered on aid. Ghana, a West African country, has witnessed a steady economic growth over recent years, and by virtue of her political stability achieved via fair and free elections, has managed to be home for a growing number of U.S. businesses. Departing from an aid-centered model of U.S.-Africa relations, Ghana is redefining her educational, economic and social relationships with U.S. True, U.S. remains a source of significant aid to Ghana. However, U.S. aid investments in Ghana are helping convert Ghana into an economy of increasing growing force not only regionally but also in the whole African continent. To better understand U.S.-Ghana relations, more specifically U.S. growing influence in Ghana, in areas of education, agriculture and immigration, the present brief offers an overview of U.S. influence on Ghana. U.S. assistance to Ghana is mainly provided by USAID (U.S. Relations With Ghana). The agency has, in fact, helped Ghana introduce radical changes in Ghana s educational system. This is manifest in USAID/Ghana’s Education Development Objective, which aims to enhance essential skills for primary schoolShow MoreRelatedProblems Faced By Japanese Foreign Investments Relations Between U.s. And Japan1135 Words   |  5 PagesStates due to Japanese investments. In the current global economy, the foreign investments relations between the U.S. and Japan have been one sided due to the inter-Asian business models of the Japanese markets. 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American Nurses A Qualitative Analysis - 3139 Words

American Nurses Credentialing Center Pathway to Excellence ® Post-designation Questionnaire 2012 to 2014: A Qualitative Analysis John Hagan University of Maryland School of Nursing American Nurses Credentialing Center Pathway to Excellence ® Post-designation Questionnaire 2012 to 2014: A Qualitative Analysis Abstract This summative report is the result of content analysis of post-designation questionnaires of organizations participating in the American Nurses Certification Center’s (ANCC) Pathway to Excellence ® program. The intention is to describe major themes found within the responses. The questionnaire included eight open-ended questions related to the Pathway to Excellence ® experience from an organizational and nursing†¦show more content†¦All Rights Reserved.) There are currently 129 health care organizations in the United States, Australia and Singapore that have completed designation from the Pathway to Excellence ® (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2014). A questionnaire is performed after designation to allow the health care organization an opportunity to convey perceived benefits, barriers, and lasting imprints from participating in the Pathway to Excellence ® Program. The Pathway to Excellence ® Program touts 12 practice standards or core concepts that are nursing centered including the ability of nurses to control the practice of nursing and recognition of nursing for achievement (see Appendix A) (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2014). These standards have shown evidence of overall nursing satisfaction, which is a key influencer in nursing satisfaction and retention. Pella Regional Health Center provides a post-designation exemplar of participation in the Pathway to Excellence ® Program. Key outcomes included that 99% of nurses felt a key part of quality improvement strategies, 96% felt they were a key part of changes to patient care standards, and 98% felt nurses were involved in professional development strategies (Drafahl, Beyer, Chow, 2012). The designation confirms a supportive nursing environment with a practice based on standards

American Nurses A Qualitative Analysis - 3139 Words

American Nurses Credentialing Center Pathway to Excellence ® Post-designation Questionnaire 2012 to 2014: A Qualitative Analysis John Hagan University of Maryland School of Nursing American Nurses Credentialing Center Pathway to Excellence ® Post-designation Questionnaire 2012 to 2014: A Qualitative Analysis Abstract This summative report is the result of content analysis of post-designation questionnaires of organizations participating in the American Nurses Certification Center’s (ANCC) Pathway to Excellence ® program. The intention is to describe major themes found within the responses. The questionnaire included eight open-ended questions related to the Pathway to Excellence ® experience from an organizational and nursing†¦show more content†¦All Rights Reserved.) There are currently 129 health care organizations in the United States, Australia and Singapore that have completed designation from the Pathway to Excellence ® (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2014). A questionnaire is performed after designation to allow the health care organization an opportunity to convey perceived benefits, barriers, and lasting imprints from participating in the Pathway to Excellence ® Program. The Pathway to Excellence ® Program touts 12 practice standards or core concepts that are nursing centered including the ability of nurses to control the practice of nursing and recognition of nursing for achievement (see Appendix A) (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2014). These standards have shown evidence of overall nursing satisfaction, which is a key influencer in nursing satisfaction and retention. Pella Regional Health Center provides a post-designation exemplar of participation in the Pathway to Excellence ® Program. Key outcomes included that 99% of nurses felt a key part of quality improvement strategies, 96% felt they were a key part of changes to patient care standards, and 98% felt nurses were involved in professional development strategies (Drafahl, Beyer, Chow, 2012). The designation confirms a supportive nursing environment with a practice based on standards

American Nurses A Qualitative Analysis - 3139 Words

American Nurses Credentialing Center Pathway to Excellence ® Post-designation Questionnaire 2012 to 2014: A Qualitative Analysis John Hagan University of Maryland School of Nursing American Nurses Credentialing Center Pathway to Excellence ® Post-designation Questionnaire 2012 to 2014: A Qualitative Analysis Abstract This summative report is the result of content analysis of post-designation questionnaires of organizations participating in the American Nurses Certification Center’s (ANCC) Pathway to Excellence ® program. The intention is to describe major themes found within the responses. The questionnaire included eight open-ended questions related to the Pathway to Excellence ® experience from an organizational and nursing†¦show more content†¦All Rights Reserved.) There are currently 129 health care organizations in the United States, Australia and Singapore that have completed designation from the Pathway to Excellence ® (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2014). A questionnaire is performed after designation to allow the health care organization an opportunity to convey perceived benefits, barriers, and lasting imprints from participating in the Pathway to Excellence ® Program. The Pathway to Excellence ® Program touts 12 practice standards or core concepts that are nursing centered including the ability of nurses to control the practice of nursing and recognition of nursing for achievement (see Appendix A) (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2014). These standards have shown evidence of overall nursing satisfaction, which is a key influencer in nursing satisfaction and retention. Pella Regional Health Center provides a post-designation exemplar of participation in the Pathway to Excellence ® Program. Key outcomes included that 99% of nurses felt a key part of quality improvement strategies, 96% felt they were a key part of changes to patient care standards, and 98% felt nurses were involved in professional development strategies (Drafahl, Beyer, Chow, 2012). The designation confirms a supportive nursing environment with a practice based on standards

Shakespeares 10 things Essay Example For Students

Shakespeares 10 things Essay 1. Betrayal and revenge 2. Metaphors of death-King Lear, Merchant of Venice, Othello 3. Humor- A Midsummer Nights Dream, As You Like It 4. Pastoral settings- Ling Lear, A midnight Summers Dream 5. Madness and insanity- Othello, Midnight Summer?s Dream, King Lear 6. Reversal- the main character falls from a high place 7. Letters- King Lear, Merchant of Venice 8. Things are not as they appear- King Lear, Merchant of Venice, Midsummer Night?s Dream 9. The Father/Daughter Conflict-Midsummer, King Lear, Merchant of Venice 10. Justice- King Lear, Merchant of VeniceThe Father/Daughter Conflict- In Midnight Summers Dream, Egeus commands Hermia, his daughter, to wed Demetrius, whom she does not love. Against the advisement of the Duke Theseus, who recommends that, To you your father should be as a god, (Act I, Scene I, Line 48). Hermia wishes to marry Lysander. Egeus threatens his daughter with the penalty of death or exile. In The Merchant of Venice, Shylock?s daughter, Jessica, denies her f aith and steals from her father in order to marry Lorenzo, a man of whom she is unequally yoked. In King Lear, the title character, ruler of Britain, attempts to divide his kingdom according to the profession of love by his three daughters: Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. Goneril and Regan profess undying love choosing the most melodic words, while Cordelia is speechless at the task, stating:.Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave My heart into my mouth: I love your majesty According to my bond; nor more nor less. (Lines 93-95) King Lear becomes angry with Cordelia and banishes her. The other daughters begin to treat him viciously, Goneril slapping him at one point. Letters- Shakespeare uses letters as characters in the plays that serve to tie key factors together for cohesion and clarity. In the Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare uses a letter from Antonio to bring the culmination of events to a head at the end of the play, setting the stage for the courtroom scene. Antonio writes, my ships h ave all miscarried(314) He tells his friend of his troubles and beckons him to come see him one last time as he ultimately gives his life for his friend?s debt. If Bassanio does not go to the court proceedings, then his wife Portia has no cause to be in the court scene, which leads to Antonio?s exoneration. The letter also serves as a vehicle to let the audience know once again that Shylock, ?The Jew? is the villain in the play. It is not by accident that he is mentioned in the letter in this way. In King Lear, Goneril plots to kill her husband through a letter to Edmund delivered by Oswald. Edmund frames his brother Edgar with a letter that appears to conspire to kill Gloucester, their father. It is here that the audience sees how conniving and calculated Edmund really is and there is no room for sympathy of the character. Things are not as they appear- Disguises are tools William Shakespeare uses to hide or mask inner and outer appearances. In The Merchant of Venice, disguises are used throughout the play by different characters for varied reasons. The ?lottery of the caskets? in Merchant of Venice is an excellent example the theme; Things are not as they appear. Portia?s suitors must choose from caskets of gold, silver, and lead in order to win her hand in marriage. The choice of the lead casket not only wins the fair Portia, but it is also indicate the suitor is intelligent and of substance: not superficial and materialistic. Raised as a Jew, Jessica disguises herself as a pageboy to cover up her identity and embark on a forbidden marriage to Lorenzo, a Christian. This act of defiance refuses her not only her religion, but also her father, Shylock, a Jewish usurer. At the introduction of Jessica?s character, the audience may be inclined to pity the daughter of the main villain in the play, who is accused of greed and usury; however, at a closer look, Jessica is found to embody the same greedy characteristics, indicated by her theft of a precious ring given to her father by her mother. While appearing meek and compliant, she is assertive and defiant, signified by not only the elopement but also the way the escape was orchestrated: vindictive and defiant. .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3 , .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3 .postImageUrl , .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3 , .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3:hover , .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3:visited , .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3:active { border:0!important; } .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3:active , .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3 .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77494f281ab65947bf1ae9eef59e93e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Causes Of The Great Depression EssayShakespeare opens King Lear with deception and disguise. Lear?s daughters, Goneril and Reagan, hide their contempt for their father under the guise of loving words. This, the inciting incident, sets the third daughter, Cordelia, up to either follow suit with the mal-intended flattery, or suffer banishment: she chooses the latter leading to the catastrophic events that follow. Shakespeare also uses disguises to give characters help from persons they would not normally accept aid from. This is the case when the Earl of Kent, in King Lear, disguises himself as Tom the Bedlam Beggar, and under this guise, provides protection from the mentally deteriorating Lear. In Midsummer Night?s Dream, Shakespeare explores the idea of exterior and form versus actuality and truth, made clear through the intermingling of characters. The fairies manipulate appearance and reality for their prankish pleasure planned primarily by Puck. Puck sprinkles love around loosely, turning lovers to loathers and vice versa. Reality is masked by deception. The characters do not know they are under a spell, and therefore their perception of reality is actually the deception of the fairies and their ill deeds. Justice- Shakespeare typically culminates his plays with justice being served to the villain. In King Lear, Gloucester alludes to the question of whether or not the world is just when he says, ?As flies to wanton boys are we to the gods; / They kill us for their sport.? The play ends with the wicked dying in the flesh or in their state of comfort. Some critics will argue that the play ends unjustly signified by the death of Cordeila. To those critics, I suggest that Cordelia?s life without her father would have been an unhappy one. She reflects in the first scene that it is this love and attachment that kept her celibate for so long. With the newly revived relationship and her father?s final recognition of Cordelia, she would not have been able to bear losing him again in the event of his demise. Although the image of Lear holding Cordelia seems horrific, it is actually quite pleasant to see that final image of him cradling Cordelia as a father would a beloved daughter. Shylock?s ill deeds do not go unpunished in The Merchant of Venice. The climactic courtroom scene where Portia tricks the Jew into submission give credence to Shakespeare?s theme of justice throughout each play. As the audience stomachs through each act, watching Shylock?s moods shift from rage to self pity and eventually to the brink of lunacy, they anticipate justice being served to the ill-famed character. The fact that Shakespeare uses a woman to mastermind and in effect hand over the sentence, cemented by the male judge, is another part of justice being served in that Jessica, Shylock?s daughter, was unable to stand up to her father and speak against his will.

The Ethics of Hacking

Introduction Modifying computer hardware and software with an objective other than the original purpose of the creator constitutes computer hacking. In computer networking, hacking also means manipulating network connections.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethics of Hacking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most computer hackers are self-taught, but they possess expert-level skills in a number of programming languages. Although a considerable number of hackers are driven by ulterior motives, many use their skills to solve problems. Some corporations hire hackers to join their technical staff. Their job is to find vulnerabilities in the company’s security system for patch-up before hackers with ulterior motives discover the flaws and exploit them (Computer Hacking, n.d.). Hacking skills can, therefore, be employed to prevent computer related crimes such as identity theft. Although hacking cam be used fo r good, the term is nowadays associated with malicious attacks on the web and other networks. Hackers use scripts which are used to manipulate data in a network connection to gain desired information. There are many ready scripts available online that can be used by inexperienced hackers. Experienced hackers can modify the scripts to come up with new methods of attacking network connections. While hacking can be wrong in many instances, it is still helpful. The big question is whether doing what can be considered wrong by parties such as corporations is still ethical when the very actions help other people, especially the consumers. History of hacking Early hackers as we understand them today can be traced to 1960s. They were primarily computer experts only interested in modifying programs to make them work better. In the majority of cases, the modifications developed by them were better than existing systems. UNIX operating system was a hack product by Dennis Ritchie and Keith Thom son (Computer Hacking and Ethics, n.d.).Advertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 1970, a new type of hacker called â€Å"phreakers† emerged who targeted telephone systems exclusively. They exploited the switching network of the telephone system to make long distance calls for free. 1980s was the turning point in the history of hacking. Introduction of personal computers led to the increase in the number of hackers as well as hacker targets were widened. Use of modems expanded hackers reach to include a lot of people. During this time, hacker’s philosophy changed from benign exploration to the pursuit for personal gain. This emerging breed of hackers consisted of young people who were not satisfied with the old hacker philosophy of freedom and technology. Beginning 1990s, a new type of hackers, who were different from earlier hackers, emerged and was bent on using their knowledge to achieve criminal ends (The Ethics of Hacking | Jonathan Zdziarski’s Domain, n.d.). They were involved in acts such as pirating and distributing proprietary software, virus, games, etc. Hackers even formed online gangs whose mission was to stealing sensitive and other classified information. This new development led to passage of laws that related to hacking. One such law was passed in 1986. The law criminalized tampering with a computer with the intention to acquire other people’s personal information. Hacking and cracking To most people, what they know as hacking is in fact cracking. Cracking is used to describe attacks on a computer network for selfish or malicious goals. Hacking applies to network manipulation for useful purposes. The two terms are, however, used interchangeably by many people outside the world of academia.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethics of Hacking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/pa ge Learn More Common hacking techniques Hackers exploit weaknesses in a system which includes the following: Poor configuration of web servers Poor security controls Bugs in software Default password Poor choice password Other than use of scripts in hackings, unauthorized access of computer remotely can be done using computer worms and denial of service (DoS) attacks (Computer Hacking and Ethics, n.d.). Poor configuration and security control enable hackers to connect using unsecured WAPs. Complexity of software systems makes it impossible for developers to predict or simulate how the software would behave if the source code was slightly modified. A gifted hacker can get interesting results by interfering with source code. Reasons for ethical hacking Hacking has in recent years become a big problem. Big corporations and government facilities have borne the brunt of these attacks. All these cases, the motive of attackers was to steal information for personal gain. Et hical hacking has developed as a method of defense against hacking. Ethical hackers are security specialists who use hacking skills to discover vulnerabilities for patching before they are exposed and exploited by unethical hackers (Mathew, 2003). Many big corporations, government facilities, and educational institutions hold important information which if compromised, would lead to either loss of money, reputation, or important security information. As a result, considering the stakes, organizations are willing to go the whole hog to protect their data. As more and more corporations adopt IT as an integral part of their operation, ethical hacking will become even more important (Computer Hacking and Ethics, n.d.). Besides, it is projected that cyber attacks will continue to increase in the near future. Corporations nowadays have to contend with scrutiny emanating from regulatory procedures and fear for scandals, such as the Enron debacle (Harper, 2011). As a result, protecting info rmation assets is considered important and most corporations take proactive steps to institute protective measures. Maintaining confidentiality is, therefore, of paramount importance.Advertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a world where attacks can occur anytime, the skills of an ethical hacker can be very useful. The Ethics of hacking In the early years of telephony, companies such as ATT were making huge profits by overcharging consumers for calls and related equipments. Through legislation, if was, for instance, illegal to plug in an equipment not made by ATT. This gave the company monopoly and perpetuated its dominance into the market. Nowadays, it may not be possible for corporations to maintain huge profits through draconian laws. Abnormal profits can still be maintained through use of Digital Rights Management (DRM). Using DRM, companies can lock out features to stifle competition. Hacking such devices helps in accessing locked features and keep manufacturers in check. In 1960s, ATT used legislation to prevent third parties from plugging in equipment other than their own into the phone jacks. Had the company used technology instead, people would have, in all probability, hacked phone jacks t o allow third party connections. Looking back, such kind of hacking could have enabled people to make calls at a cheaper price, but back then, their actions could have been unacceptable to ATT, as they would be losing revenue. In such a scenario, the ethical question is this: between the hacker and the company overcharging consumers, who is wrong and who is right? The hacker would have helped customers from exploitation, but such actions appear immoral. The Digital Millennium Act allows consumers to: Unlock their phones Fix vulnerabilities Undertake technical research This has solved the ethical dilemma about whether hacking to solve a technical problem exposing the user to danger is morally right. The government allows corporations to lock devices but also to unlock as long as the intention is good. Companies normally lock mobile devices to a certain network and sell the same at subsidized cost. This way, companies sell more units and also earn revenues from service contracts. Et hical hacking is close to investigative journalism. An ethical hacker posses technical skills to alter the function of a system, but has the discipline to so for morally right reasons. This hacker does more than just seek for the truth; he also takes action to correct wrongs or vulnerabilities. The ethical challenge is to differentiate between theft of services and corporate greed. A good example of corporate greed is where a phone manufacturer may, for example, disable a function and later charge customers to reactivate it. Considering increase in corporate greed, ethics of hacking demands that limitations that the manufacturer of a device may impose be completely justified. If that is not the case, a hacker perhaps has the right to re-enable such features that were disabled with the intention of exploiting the customer. The important question a hacker has to consider before hacking is whether a corporation is gaining by providing certain functionality or by restricting it. If this question cannot be answered, it is impossible to determine who is stealing from whom. Hackers are important because what they do expose technical details that others can use to make similar or better products. In doing so, they are helping maintain healthy competition which capitalism depends to remain healthy. As earlier noted, hacking can of course help improve devices. When apple iphone was released in 2007, it was an instant hit on the market. The hacking community started to work on it to expand the functionality of the device so that third party applications can install and run. After a short period of time, hacker community developed a compiler and many applications to run on iphones. The ability of iphone to be modified to accept third party applications has boosted sales iphone further. Later developments by Apple to play catch-up with the application developer community have been belated. What hackers did with iphone helped consumers and led to development much free softw are. Apple also benefitted because sales of their phones increased. In the case of apple, the act of hacking benefitted all parties. Hackers using the first iphones released in 2007 were able to identify glaring security vulnerabilities and immediately fixed them. The company was able to develop future versions that were more secure compared to the first iphone released in 2007. Although hacking in the case of Iphone made everybody happy, the question still remains whether doing so was ethical. End-user-agreements forbid acts aimed at tampering with the software of the device the customer is purchasing. Going by that agreement, hacking is therefore unethical. However, a more pertinent question that also arises is who owns the device. Is it the owner of the phone or the buyer? The two types of hackers (White Black) Black-hat hackers gain authorized access to a system to either steal data or do other illegal acts. White-hat hackers, on the other hand, use their hacking skills usefull y (Himma, 2007). They find security loopholes so that they can be patched up before they can be exploited for evil purposes. Conclusion Hacking to steal information or deface websites in criminal. However, hacking has other useful purposes. Many hackers lack the skills to damage network systems in a major way. Engaging an ethical hacker can help seal holes to stop low level attacks. But hacking is more complex than that. It’s used to develop third party applications for phones such as iphones. Ethics of hacking concerns itself with hacking that apparently benefits consumers, but manufacturers do not seem to harm manufacturers. References Computer Hacking. (n.d.). College of Education at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Web. Computer Hacking and Ethics. (n.d.). Computer Science Division | EECS at UC Berkeley. Retrieved from https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~bh/hackers.html Harper, A. (2011). Gray hat hacking: the ethical hacker’s handbook (3rd ed.). New Y ork: McGraw-Hill. Himma, K. E. (2007). Internet security: hacking, counterhacking, and society. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Mathew, T. (2003). Ethical hacking: student courseware. S.l.: OSB Publisher. The Ethics of Hacking | Jonathan Zdziarski’s Domain. (n.d.). Jonathan Zdziarski’s Domain | Scientist and occasional hacker. Author and occasional theologian. I invent stuff and wail on bass guitar. Twitter: @JZdziarski. Retrieved from http://www.zdziarski.com/blog/?p=33 This essay on The Ethics of Hacking was written and submitted by user Haylee Michael to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.